Notes

1.1 Personal Safety. These data were obtained from survey questions commissioned by the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center and asked on surveys conducted by the University of Kentucky (UK) Survey Research Center in the spring of 1996, 1998, and 2000. Households were selected using random-digit dialings, a procedure giving every residential telephone line in Kentucky an equal probability of being called.

The calls for the Spring 1996 survey were made from May 5 to June 5, 1996. The calls for the Spring 1998 survey were made from May 11 to June 10, 1998. The calls for the Spring 2000 survey were made from May 18 to June 26, 2000. The samples for the 1996, 1998, and 2000 surveys include 629, 658, and 1,070 noninstitutionalized Kentuckians 18 years of age or older, respectively. The margins of error for the 1996, 1998, and 2000 surveys are slightly less than 4, 3.82, and 3 percentage points, respectively, at the 95 percent confidence level for all three surveys.

1.2 Crime. The source for these data is the U.S. Department of Justice publication, Uniform Crime Reports, selected years, which is available at the Bureau’s website http://www.fbi.gov/ucr.htm. Crime rates reflect crimes reported per 100,000 residents. The crime index consists of selected offenses (murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson). Text data are from the annual crime report of the Kentucky State Police, Crime in Kentucky, 1999.

Some have suggested that crime indices are not always the most accurate measure of crimes committed. Instead, a rise in crime rates may reflect growing faith in the process of formally reporting a crime. While attenuated somewhat by this caveat, these data remain the most reliable measure of crime available.

1.3 Neighborliness. Data are from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.)

1.4 Employment of Persons with Disabilities. Employment estimates were calculated by Andrew Houtenville, Ph.D., of the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center for Economic Research on Employment Policy for People with Disabilities, Cornell University, using data from the March Current Population Survey (CPS) for the years shown.

Disability is defined using a single question in the March CPS. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household’s respondent as having) “a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do.” This definition puts disability in the social context of work and is commonly used in the economics literature.

2.1 Child Abuse. These data come from 2001 County Data Book, Kentucky Kids Count, Families Count, a project of Kentucky Youth Advocates and Kentucky Population Research, University of Louisville. They cite Kentucky’s Cabinet for Families and Children, Department for Community-Based Services and include the following data note:

Prior to 1998, substantiated reports of abuse or neglect included the finding, “some indication,” meaning that there was some evidence presented to indicate neglect or abuse, but not sufficient evidence to substantiate. In 1998, the Cabinet for Families and Children adopted a policy that eliminated the finding of “some indication” of abuse or neglect. Findings in child abuse and neglect investigations must now have a “substantiated” finding in order to be reported as “substantiated” for data collection purposes. “Substantiated” is defined as either (a) An admission of abuse, neglect, or dependency by the person responsible; or (b) A judicial finding of child abuse, neglect, or dependency; or (c) A preponderance of evidence exists that abuse, neglect, or dependency was committed by the person alleged to be responsible. A preponderance of evidence is found when a reasonable person would find it more likely than not that abuse or neglect has occurred. See Kentucky Administration Regulations at 922 KAR 1:330.

2.2 Teen Parents. The source for these data is the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, accessed online at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs. Data for 2000 come from Table 10 in National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002, and for the years 1993 to 1999 from Table 4 in National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 49, No. 10, September 25, 2001.

2.3 Elder Care. These data were obtained from survey questions commissioned by the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center and asked on the Kentucky Fall 2001 survey conducted by the University of Kentucky Survey Research Center. Households were selected using random-digit dialings, a procedure giving every residential telephone line in Kentucky an equal probability of being called. The calls for the survey were made from February 21, 2002, until March 22, 2002. The sample includes 1,037 noninstitutionalized Kentuckians 18 years of age or older. The margin of error is approximately ±3 percentage points with a 95 percent confidence level.

These questions were asked of the entire sample, regardless of whether the respondent had personal experience with elder care services. As a result some respondents had not formed an opinion on either the availability or affordability of elder care services. The percentages shown in the body of the report include only those survey respondents that expressed an opinion. Upon asking the entire sample of their satisfaction with the availability of high-quality elder care services in their community, 11 percent were extremely satisfied, 42 percent somewhat satisfied, 14 percent somewhat dissatisfied, 8 percent extremely dissatisfied, and 25 percent were not able to form an opinion. When asking the entire sample about their satisfaction with the affordability of high-quality elder care services in their community, 5 percent were extremely satisfied, 29 percent somewhat satisfied, 21 percent somewhat dissatisfied, 18 percent extremely dissatisfied, and 26 percent didn’t know.

2.4 Child Care. Data are from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.)

3.1 Homelessness. The numbers in the graph represent an unduplicated count of persons staying in overnight shelters in Louisville from the Homeless Population Census, selected years, conducted by the Coalition for the Homeless, Inc. The data on rural homelessness come from a 2001 Kentucky homeless survey conducted by Morehead State University for the Kentucky Housing Corporation (KHC).

Here we rely on the definition of homelessness provided by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development: “A ‘homeless person’ (is) one who lacks a fixed, regular or adequate nighttime residence, is at risk of becoming homeless in a rural or urban area because the residence is not safe, decent, sanitary or secure, has as a primary nighttime residence a publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations, has as a primary nighttime residence a public or private place not designed as a regular sleeping accommodation; or is a person who does not have access to normal accommodations due to violence or the threat of violence from the cohabitant.” KHC also includes “…those individuals in extremely overcrowded conditions because no other housing existed for them.”

While the Coalition for the Homeless has performed valuable research, certain problems exist with its count of homeless people in Louisville. This figure represents the total number of homeless people served in any sort of overnight shelter, transitional shelter, day shelter, hospice, or halfway house. Since overcrowding continues to be a problem at some shelters, those who were turned away are not included in these measures, as well as those who did not seek services. Declines in population from one year to the next may indicate that a program has closed, rather than a decrease in actual homeless people.

The KHC’s study of rural homelessness again measures survey respondents who sought services from the KHC within a given time frame. Of particular interest here is that these data show that homelessness is not a phenomenon restricted to urban areas and may cover a more diverse population than the stereotype of a homeless person.

3.2 Housing Affordability. Homeownership rates were taken from the U.S. Census Bureau, Housing Vacancy Survey: Annual 2000, Table 13: Homeownership Rates by State: 1984 to 2000, accessed at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/hvs/annual00/ann00t13.html on August 7, 2001.

3.3 Housing Adequacy. Data are from a Spring 2000 telephone survey by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1 for survey details.) Text data are from the Census 2000 Supplemental Survey.

3.4 Access to Subsidized Housing. The selected city governments administer their respective Section 8 housing programs, and the data was obtained from these sources. KHC provided the waiting list numbers for its Section 8 units.

4.1 Health Insurance Coverage. Health insurance rates were taken from U.S. Census Bureau, Health Insurance Coverage: 2000, “Table D. Percent of People Without Health Insurance Coverage Throughout the Year by State (3-year average) 1998 to 2000,” accessed at http://www.census.gov/hhes/hlthins/hlthin00/hi00td.html on February 11, 2002. The 90 percent confidence intervals for the 1999 and 2000 Kentucky estimates are plus or minus 1.3 and 1.2 percentage points, respectively.

The health insurance questions have led to over-reporting of the uninsured population for years when compared to other surveys. In the 2000 survey, the Census Bureau added verification questions to the series of questions on health insurance. These questions reduced the uninsured sample by approximately 8 percent, from 42.6 million (15.5 percent) to 39.3 million (14.3 percent) in Kentucky in 1999. The reduced estimate is more in line with those obtained from other surveys. However, the earlier years reported do not use these questions and are therefore subject to overestimation of the uninsured population. These earlier estimates, which were published in each of the two previous editions of this publication, are not comparable with those published here. The changes in health insurance coverage from 1999 to 2000 are statistically the same for the U.S. with or without using the verification questions.

4.2 Prenatal Care. These data can be found in “Table 34: Percent of mothers beginning prenatal care in the first trimester and percent of mothers with late or no prenatal care by race of mother: United States and each state,” of National Vital Statistics (formerly Monthly Vital Statistics), published by the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. The exact publication numbers and dates for each year of data shown in the figure are as follows: 1993—Vol. 44, No. 3, September 21, 1995; 1994—Vol. 44, No. 11, June 24, 1996; 1995—Vol. 45, No. 11, June 10, 1997; 1996—Vol. 46, No. 11, June 30, 1998; 1997—Vol. 47, No. 18, April 29, 1999; 1998—Vol. 48, No. 3, March 28, 2000; 1999—Vol. 49, No. 1, April 17, 2001; 2000—Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002.

4.3 Causes of Death. Data are from the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 49, No. 8, September 21, 2001, “Table 26: Number of deaths, death rates, and age-adjusted rates for major causes of death for the United States, each division, each state, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and Northern Marianas, 1999.” The text data were provided by the Kentucky Cabinet for Health Services, Public Health Department.

In 1999, the population standard for calculating the rates was changed from the 1940 standard to the 2000 standard. Therefore the new rates are not comparable with rates based on the old standard. The new population base inflates the rates compared to those based on the 1940 standard. In addition, these rates are age-adjusted and should not be compared to those that are not age-adjusted.

Please note that the first edition of this report published non-age-adjusted rates based on the 1940 population standard, while the second edition published age-adjusted rates based on the 1940 population standard. Therefore, the current rates may not be compared to either of the rates published in the first two editions.

4.4 Smoking Rates. These data are from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and accessed at http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/Trends/TrendData.asp on August 8, 2001. National estimates are the medians of the percentages for all the states and the District of Columbia. Confidence intervals and sample sizes are provided for all state estimates. A “current smoker” is one who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in his or her lifetime and reported smoking every day or some days in the past month.

5.1 Volunteerism. Data are from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.) National-level data on volunteerism are from the Independent Sector’s report, Giving and Volunteering in the United States, 2001.

5.2 Charitable Giving. Data are from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.) National-level data on volunteerism are from the Independent Sector (see Indicator 5.1).

5.3 Trust. Data are from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.)

The text here notes that trust levels nationally in 2000, the last year for which these data are available, are much lower than those in Kentucky. These data come from the General Society Survey (GSS), one of the more comprehensive public opinion data sources available to social scientists at present. The GSS data are gathered by the University of Chicago’s National Opinion Research Center (NORC) and maintained by the University of Michigan’s Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). Findings on trust levels from the GSS can be accessed online at www.icpsr.umich.edu/gss/.

We ask Kentuckians: Some people say that you can usually trust people. Others say you must be wary in relations with people. Which is closest to your view? The GSS asks a national sample: Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people?

5.4 Community Pride. Data are from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.) National data are from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Housing Survey for the United States: 1999, “Table 2-8. Neighborhood—Occupied Units.”

6.1 Discrimination. These data were provided by the Kentucky Commission on Human Rights. Statistics for 1993-1996 were cited by Beverly L. Watts, Executive Director, October 8, 1996. Statistics for 1997-1999 were cited by Leslie Jones, Branch Manager, Enforcement in the Commission, September 22, 1999. Statistics for 2000 were cited by Beverly L. Watts, December 7, 2001.

6.2 Hate Crimes. The source for these data is the U.S. Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, selected years, accessed online at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm on February 27, 2002.

The Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center calculates its own rates using the entire state population. Not all law enforcement agencies participate in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The rates published by the FBI use only the population covered by those agencies participating in NIBRS. Since we use a larger population estimate, our rates are likely to be smaller than those reported in the FBI’s reports of Hate Crime Statistics.

6.3 Sex Discrimination. See Indicator 6.1.

6.4 Pay Equity. These data are from a Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center analysis of wage data from the March Supplement of the Current Population Survey for selected years.

The wage ratios were calculated using hourly wage rates for men and women in the Kentucky and U.S. samples. The samples exclude all self-employed and farm workers and those with imputed wages. Only workers age 18 to 62 were included to represent the labor force. The wage was calculated as the yearly income from salary and wages divided by the product of the number of hours worked during the previous week and the number of weeks worked the previous year. For confidentiality purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau specifies a maximum allowable wage level such that any wages above that level are recorded as equal to that level. For example, if the maximum wage level is $50,000 and a person reports earning $54,000 in wages during the previous year, the wage for that person is recorded as $50,000. Wages are adjusted to account for the changes in the maximum allowable wage amounts made by the U.S. Census Bureau over the period analyzed. All wages are in constant 2000 dollars adjusted using the CPI-U.

7.1 College Enrollment. Data in the figure for college-going rates for Kentucky and the United States were provided by Patrick Kelly of the Kentucky Council on Postsecondary Education. The 2000 college-going rate provided in the text, which includes technical college enrollment, was obtained from the Council on Postsecondary Education’s Key Indicators of Progress Toward Postsecondary Reform, available at its website www.cpe.state.ky.us. The graduation rates for Kentucky and the U.S. were also obtained from this report. The 1999 college-going rate for the U.S. was obtained from the National Center for Education Statistics’ publication The Condition of Education, 2001, which is available at their website http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/index.html.

7.2 High School Dropouts. Data were provided by the Kentucky Department of Education, Office of Assessment and Accountability. The data are available at their website http://www.kde.state.ky.us/ using the index provided and the subject “dropout rates.” The data are provided in a database entitled “Dropout Rates by District for Grades 9-12.” The national dropout rate was acquired from the National Center for Education Statistics, “Dropout Rates in the United States: 2000.”

7.3 Teacher Preparation. Data are from Schools and Staffing Survey, National Center for Education Statistics, as reported by the Council of Chief State School Officers, State Education Indicators, 1997.

7.4 Nontraditional Students. The Council on Postsecondary Education has tracked nontraditional students in state colleges and universities since 1986. The figures cited here are tabulated data from the table: “Headcount Enrollment by Age and Level, Fall 1989-Fall 1998—State-Supported Institutions,” accessed at http://www.cpe.state.ky.us/data/enroll/enrollment.htm. Data for 1999 were from “Total Undergraduate Headcount by Level and Traditional/Non-Traditional Age, Kentucky State-Supported Institutions, Fall 1999,” and 2000 data were calculated from “Total Undergraduate Headcount by Level and Traditional/Nontraditional Age, Kentucky State-Supported Institutions, Fall 2000.”

Recent reorganization of the postsecondary education system now includes community and technical colleges within the same system. With this change has come the recent tracking of enrollment data for technical colleges that were never collected before 2000.

In addition, the rates we reported in earlier editions of this publication include all students (i.e. including graduate and professional students), not just undergraduate nontraditional enrollment rates. The most recent data available are only for undergraduate nontraditional enrollment rates. These have been recalculated to reflect undergraduate nontraditional enrollment. Thus, these data are not comparable to those reported in earlier editions.

8.1 Funding Equity. Office of Education Accountability, Kentucky General Assembly, Annual Report 2000, Table 11, page 174.

8.2 Achievement Test Scores. ACT, Inc. Data for 1997-2001 “ACT Average Composite Scores by State” are available online at http://www.act.org.

8.3 Performance Test Scores. NAEP Performance Test scores for Kentucky and other states, along with extensive information about the exams themselves and interpretation of results, are available in the following publications: NAEP 1996 Mathematics Report Card for the Nation and the States, by Clyde M. Reese, Karen E. Miller, John Mazzeo, and John A. Dossey, February 1997, and NAEP 1998 Reading Report Card for the Nation and the States, by Patricia L. Donahue, Kristin E. Voelkl, Jay R. Campbell, and John Mazzeo, March 1999. Both are prepared by the Educational Testing Service, published by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, Washington, D.C., and both can be accessed online at www.nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tables.

8.4 Computers in Schools. Data supplied by David Couch, Associate Commissioner, Kentucky Department of Education, Office of Education Technology.

9.1 Child Poverty. These data are from the U.S. Census Bureau, State Estimates for People Under Age 18 in Poverty, “Table D98-00. Estimated Number an Percent of People Under Age 18 in Poverty by State,” selected years, accessed online at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/stcty.

9.2 School Lunch Participation. These statistics were calculated by the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center from data supplied by the School Food Services Office, Kentucky Department of Education. Percentages were determined by comparing the number of approved free and reduced lunch applications with the actual number of free and reduced price lunches served during selected months from each year.

9.3 Child Immunizations. These data come from the Kids Count Data Book, selected years, by the Annie E. Casey Foundation in association with the Kentucky Kids Count Consortium, Frankfort, Kentucky, Kentucky Youth Advocates.

9.4 Early Childhood Education. Data for 1991 to 1996 are from the Annual Report of the Office of Education Accountability, Kentucky General Assembly, Frankfort, Kentucky, p. 56. Data for 1997 and 1998 were provided by Debbie Schumacher, Director, Division of Extended Learning, Kentucky Department of Education (KDE). Data for 1999 and 2000 were provided by Judy Sparks of Extended Learning Services, KDE.

10.1 Youth Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey (YRBSS), Division of Adolescent and School Health, published in “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 1997,” by Laura Kann, Steven A. Kinchen, Barbara I. Williams, James G. Ross, Richard Lowry, Carl V. Hill, Joanne Gunbaum, Pamela S. Blumson, Janet L. Collins, Lloyd J. Kolbe, and State and Local YRBSS Coordinators, published in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 14, 1998, Vol. 47, No. SS-3. Data for 1998 and 1999 from “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 1999,” Vol. 49, No. SS-5, Table 21.

10.2 Juvenile Crime. Kentucky State Police, Crime in Kentucky in “Total Arrests by Age-Juvenile (data provided by Administrative Office of the Courts),” selected years.

In 1996, following the loss of its database, the Kentucky State Police (KSP) began collecting their data from the Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC). The data published before 1996 cannot be compared to data published in the 1996 report and all subsequent reports due to differing methods of data compilation between KSP and AOC. The large discrepancies in data collection between the two agencies lie in the way Part II crime data is collected. The AOC derives its data solely from matters presented before the court, which include many matters that may never involve a law enforcement agency or an actual arrest. This differs from KSP which uses counts of persons arrested to estimate total arrests.

10.3 Suspensions. Data for 1999-2000 are from Kentucky Center for School Safety and R.E.A.C.H. of Louisville, Inc., Kentucky 2000: Kentucky Safe Schools Data Project, Statewide and Regional Data Summary, by Robert J. Illback, Psy.D. and Daniel Sanders, Ph.D.. Data for the school year 2000-2001 are from the Kentucky Center for School Safety, Kentucky 2001: Safe Schools Data Project, prepared by Lynn McCoy-Simandle, Ph.D. and David C. May Ph.D.

10.4 Expulsions. See Indicator 10.3.

11.1 Parent Participation in Schools. The data from January and June 1997 are from the Kentucky Department of Education (KDE), Kentucky Education Statistics Fact Sheets, January and June, 1997. The December 1999 statistic is from SBDM STATS, accessed online at http://www.kde.state.ky.us/olsi/leaders//sbdm/stats.asp on December 3, 1999. The data from February 2001 and March 2002 are from School Report Card Production, School Report Card Databases, complete through February 5, 2001, and School Report Card Databases, complete through March 18, 2002, respectively, accessed online at KDE’s website www.kde.state.ky.us.

11.2 Parent-Teacher Conferences. These data are from Education Week, “Quality Counts 2002: School Climate.” While a less than precise measure, Education Week found this to be the only currently available national measure of parental involvement in these conferences.

11.3 Parent Volunteerism. These data are from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.)

11.4 Parents Who Read to Their Children. These data come from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.) Text data are from the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center’s Education and the Common Good: Social Benefits of Higher Education in Kentucky, by Amy Watts, July 2001.

12.1 Library Use. Data for 1997 and years prior are from Education, Arts and Humanities Cabinet, Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives, “Statistical Report of Kentucky Public Libraries, Fiscal Year 1997-1998,” by Jay Bank, 1999 Field Services Division Publication, accessed online at www.kdla.state.ky.us/libserv/stats.htm on December 20, 1999. Data later than 1997-1998 are from “Statistical Report of Kentucky Public Libraries Fiscal Year 1999-2000,” accessed online on December 19, 2001. Text data are from U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public Libraries in the United States: Fiscal Year 1998, NCES 2001-307, by Adrienne Chute and Elaine Kroe, Washington, D.C.: 2001.

12.2 Cultural Opportunities. These data were obtained from survey questions commissioned by the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center and asked on surveys conducted by the University of Kentucky Survey Research Center in the Fall of 1996, 1998, and 2000. Households were selected using random-digit dialings, a procedure giving every residential telephone line in Kentucky an equal probability of being called. The calls for the Fall 1996 survey were made from December 9, 1996, until January 8, 1997. The calls for the Fall 1998 survey were made from March 4 until April 6, 1999. The calls for the Fall 2000 survey were made from October 28 to November 21, 2000. The samples for the 1996, 1998, and 2000 surveys include, respectively, 676, 628, and 859 noninstitutionalized Kentuckians 18 years of age or older. The margins of error in the 1996, 1998, and 2000 surveys are slightly less than 3.9, 3.91, and 3.3 percentage points, respectively, with a 95 percent confidence level for all three surveys.

It should be noted that it is extremely difficult to define a “cultural opportunity.” At the root of this problem is determining what “culture” means to Kentuckians. In this study, we have sought a more inclusive definition. The form of the question used assumes that a local festival is as much a cultural event as a ballet or symphony.

12.3 Historic Preservation. These data were obtained from Rebecca Shipp of the Kentucky Heritage Council via e-mail on January 16, 2002. A “listing” is usually an entire district that contains more than one property. For example, Frankfort lists four historic districts housing several properties each. The “contributing properties” references the actual number of historic properties included in the listings.

12.4 Study of Arts and Humanities. Data are not available.

13.1 Poverty Rate. Data for 1993-1995 are from the U.S. Census Bureau, October 1996, and “Poverty in Kentucky,” by Miriam Fordham and Dan Jacovitch, page 33, in Exploring the Frontier of the Future, Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center, 1996. The data for years 1995-1997 are from the U.S. Census Bureau, Official Statistics, Sept 9, 1998, accessed online www.census.gov/prod/3/98pubs/p60-201.pdf. Data for 1998 to 2000 are from the U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March 1999, 2000, and 2001, “Table D. Percent of People in Poverty by State: 1998, 1999, 2000.” The 1993-1995 figure is based on a three-year average, while the subsequent data are based on two-year averages. These will ideally provide more representative figures for those time periods.

While the poverty rate is an important measure of poverty, future efforts may look beyond the question of whether or not a given individual earns an income below the poverty level. On the one hand, adjustments might be made for any additional income or support, including the absence or presence of health insurance, welfare, and other benefits. These variables may show that while an individual’s income is classified as poverty-level, a viable and functioning “safety net” makes his or her circumstances qualitatively better than living in poverty without such a safety net. On the other hand, adjustments may also be made for cost of living within a city, state, or region, or the presence or absence of certain accommodations (air conditioning in the summer, heat in the winter) which could provide a misery index for a given area. While Indicator 13.1 currently measures poverty mostly in terms of poverty rates, efforts are being made to include the broader scope of “poverty.”

13.2 Elderly Poverty. These data are from the table entitled “People 65 Years and Over Below 100 Percent of Poverty, by State,” compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau and accessed online from www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/100pct98-100.html.

13.3 Poverty by Gender of Head of Family. These data are from a Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center analysis of family income data from the March Supplement of the Current Population Survey for selected years.

The family incomes were calculated using the sum of yearly total income for individuals within each family. For the purposes of this analysis a family is defined as all related primary and subfamilies. Unrelated individuals under age 18 were also included in the definition of a family. Unrelated individuals over the age of 18 living together were not included as a family. Incomes were adjusted to account for the changes in topcode amounts made by the U.S. Census Bureau over the period analyzed. All wages are in constant 2000 dollars adjusted using the CPI-U.

13.4 Income Distribution. These estimates are the result of Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center analysis of Current Population Survey Data from the March Supplement. For more detail on methodology see Appendix A: Income Inequality in Michal Smith-Mello, Michael T. Childress, Amy Watts, and John F. Watkins, Challenges for the New Century: Trends that will influence Kentucky’s future (Frankfort, KY: Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center, 2000) 109-111.

14.1 Gross State Product. These data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System (REIS), 1969-1997. Data for 1999 were provided via email from the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development.

Gross State Product (GSP) is derived from gross domestic income, which differs from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by the following statistical discrepancy: GSP excludes and GDP includes the compensation of federal civilian and military personnel stationed abroad and government consumption of fixed capital for military equipment, except domestically located office equipment and for military structures located abroad; and GSP and GDP have different revision schedules. In 1997, real GDP increased 3.9 percent, and real gross domestic income increased 4.2 percent.

14.2 Income. These data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System, 1969-1997. Data for 1998 to 2000 were obtained from the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development’s Deskbook of Economic Statistics, provided online at http://www.edc.state.ky.us/edis/cmnty/db2kIndex.htm.

Recent studies have shown that income and wages (see Indicator 14.3) may not be completely indicative of the true standard of living provided by a state. These studies show that cost-of-living and quality-of-life adjustments must be made to these measures to account for the true standard of living afforded by a given state.

14.3 Wages. The source for these data was the Bureau of Economic Analysis, REIS 1969-1997. Data for 1999 and 2000 were provided via email from the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development.

14.4 Economic Diversity. These data are from the Corporation for Enterprise Development, Report Cards for the States, 1992-2001.

15.1 Quality Standards. These data are from ISO 9000 Registered Company Directory North America, CD-ROM, distributed by QSU Publishing Company, various years. Text information comes from Measuring the Entrepreneurial Performance of Kentucky: 2001, by David Freshwater, Staff Paper No. 428, published by the University of Kentucky, Department of Agricultural Economics, March 30, 2002.

15.2 Foreign Direct Investment. Data for years 1990-1994 come from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic and Statistics Administration, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis, annual reports, showing billions of dollars of investments in Kentucky to 1994, as measured by the gross value of plant, property, and equipment of U.S. affiliates of foreign companies. Data for years 1981, 1995, and 1996 are from the Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1998, Table 1309. Data for 1997 come from Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000, Table 1314. Data for 1998 are from the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development, Deskbook of Economic Statistics, accessed online at http://www.edc.state.ky.us/edis/PDF/cmnty/DeskBK2000/FgnInvKyUS.pdf.

15.3 Value of Exports. These data are from the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development, Research Division, Kentucky Exports, May 1997 and May 1999. Data for 1999 and 2000 are from the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development, Deskbook of Economic Statistics, available online http://www.edc.state.ky.us/edis/PDF/cmnty/DeskBK2000/ExportIndKy.pdf.

15.4 Export Ranking. The 1998 rank was obtained from Kentucky Exports, May 1999, page 1, a report by the Research Division of the Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet.

The 1999 rank was obtained from Table 1324 in the 2000 Statistical Abstract of the United States; the 1997 rank from Table 1321 in the 1998 Statistical Abstract of the United States; the 1996 rank from Table 1311 in 1997 Statistical Abstract of the United States; the 1995 rank from Table 1302 in the 1996 Statistical Abstract of the United States; the 1994 rank from Table 1338 in the 1995 Statistical Abstract of the United States; and the 1993 rank from Table 1326 in the 1994 Statistical Abstract of the United States, by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census.

16.1 Farm Income. In order to get the latest revised values of income, different Kentucky Agricultural Statistics reports by the Kentucky Agricultural Department were used for the selected years. The net income per farm for the years 1990-1992 came from the 1995-1996 report, 1993 income from the 1996-1997 report, 1994 income from the 1997-1998 report, income for the years 1995-1996 from the 1998-1999 report, and income for the years 1997-2000 came from the 2000-2001 report. The data reported here for 1997 and 1998 differ from those we reported in the earlier edition because they were revised for the 2000-2001 Kentucky Agricultural Statistics report.

Starting with 1993, the reports no longer explicitly reported the average net income per farm. These values were derived by dividing net farm income by the number of farms reported for each year following 1993.

16.2 Agricultural Diversity. These data are from the Kentucky Department of Agriculture, Kentucky Agricultural Statistics, report years 1997-1998, 1998-1999, and 2000-2001.

16.3 Value-Added Food Products. These data are from the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development, Kentucky Deskbook of Economic Statistics. The Cabinet cites the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Annual Survey of Manufactures, Geographic Area Statistics, annual reports. The 1996 figure was obtained directly from these reports. Data for 1998 and 2000 were obtained via email from the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development on April 22, 2002.

16.4 Farms. These data are from the 1997 Census of Agriculture, Volume 1, Geographic Area Series, “Data Queries by Geographic Area,” Kentucky Agriculture Census, Table 1. County Summary Highlights and were accessed online at http://govinfo.library.orst.edu/cgi-bin/ag-list?01-state.kys on December 21, 1999.

17.1 Access to Water, Sewer Systems, and Garbage Collection. Data are from the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet (NREPC), Kentucky Environmental Quality Commission (EQC), State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001: A Report on Environmental Trends and Conditions, pp. 21, 37, and 64.

17.2 Roads and Highways. These data are from Open Records Request OR00-010, January 13, 2000, from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Division of Operations. Data for 2000 obtained directly from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet via email request. The report described in the text, entitled TEA-21 at Midpoint: Comparative Performance of State Highway Systems, 1984-2000, is from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

17.3 Bridges. These data are from Open Records Request OR00-010, January 13, 2000, from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Division of Operations. Data for 2000 and 2001 obtained directly from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet via email request.

17.4 Mass Transit. The source for these data was the Corporation for Enterprise Development, Report Card for the States, report years 1990-1998, and 2000-2001.

18.1 Access to Personal Computers. These data come from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.)

18.2 Internet Access. These data come from Spring 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 1.1.)

18.3 Internet Access in Public Libraries. All 180 buildings have public Internet access, per an e-mail dated August 26, 1999, from Jim Nelson of KDLA.

18.4 Technology Infrastructure. Data are not available.

19.1 Rainy Day Fund. These data are from the Office of the State Budget Director, Governor’s Office for Policy Research, The Importance of State Rainy Day Funds: the Kentucky Budget Reserve Trust Fund, Policy Paper Series 1, Issue 1, October 2001.

19.2 Tax Structure. These data are from a December 1999 report prepared by the Barents Group, a consulting arm of KPMG based in Washington, D.C., for the Office of Financial Management and Economic Analysis, Commonwealth of Kentucky.

19.3 State Government Bond Rating. Data on Kentucky’s bond rating come from Standard & Poor’s (selected years) and Moody’s (selected years) as presented in The Statistical Abstract of the United States (selected years) from the U.S. Census Bureau.

19.4 Regulatory Structure. Data are not available.

20.1 Entrepreneurs. These data come from Fall 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center conducted by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 12.2.)

20.2 The Entrepreneurial Impulse. These data come from Fall 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center conducted by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 12.2.)

20.3 New Firms. The source of these data is the U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, “Table 7: Employer Firm Births by State, 1990-2000,” Small Business Economic Indicators 2000 (Washington, D.C.: 2001).

20.4 Support for Small Business. These data come from the Survey of Small Business Owners in Kentucky. In the Summer of 1997, the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center conducted a 14-page mail survey of Kentucky entrepreneurs. For the survey, the Center used a mailing list provided by the Department for Employment Services, Workforce Development Cabinet, that included 6,000 firms that had become subject to Unemployment Insurance coverage in 1995 and employed fewer than 20 people at the time they became subject. Approximately 183 surveys were undeliverable due to insufficient or out-of-date addresses. Entrepreneurs who responded to the survey and reported having expanded employment rolls during the intervening time period were retained in our database. The Center received 533 completed surveys. This particular question is Q-36, Based on your knowledge and experience, how would you rate the following factors which affect the ability of entrepreneurs to launch and grow small businesses in Kentucky? Are they good, fair or poor?

Text data are from a report by David Freshwater, Measuring the Entrepreneurial Performance of Kentucky: 2001, of the University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Staff Paper No. 428, March 30, 2002.

21.1 Lumber Production. Data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001 report, page 108. EQC notes this chart “represents lumber produced by mills in Kentucky. This also includes lumber produced from logs (roundwood) brought in from other states, as well as logs (roundwood) harvested in Kentucky.” Text data cites Larry Lowe, Chief of Forest Research Utilization with the Kentucky Division of Forestry, NREPC, in e-mail dated March 27, 2002.

21.2 Nature Preserves. Text and chart data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001, page 131. The Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation fund was created in 1990 and funded by the legislature in 1994 to provide a permanent source of funds to purchase natural areas. It is financed by revenues from the state portion of the unmined minerals tax, environmental fines, the sale of nature license plates, and interest earned on undistributed funds.

21.3 Soil Erosion. Chart data for the years 1977, 1987, and 1997 and text data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001, page 104. The remaining data are from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Resource Inventories, 1982-1997, Table 10. Estimated average annual sheet and rill erosion on nonfederal land, by state and year, accessed at www.nhq.usda.gov/NRI/1997/summary_report/table10.html on December 8, 1999.

21.4 Fish and Wildlife. Data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001 report, page 121.

22.1 Solid Waste Disposal. Data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001, page 61.

22.2 Hazardous Waste. Data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001, pages 71-72.

22.3 Recycling. Data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001, pages 68-69.

22.4 Participation in Recycling Efforts. Data are from Fall 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center conducted by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 12.2.)

23.1 Environmental Literacy. These data are from the Kentucky Environmental Education Council; Education, Arts, and Humanities Cabinet, “Land, Legacy, and Learning: Making Education Pay for Kentucky’s Environment,” 1999. A random sample of 668 adults were surveyed in Kentucky in March 1999. The survey questions that addressed knowledge of environmental issues were: 1) What is the primary destination of household garbage? 2) What is the most common reason for extinction of plants and animals? 3) What is the largest source of carbon monoxide? 4) Of the following materials, which are considered hazardous wastes? 5) Which of the following are renewable resources? 6) What is the primary benefit of wetlands? 7) What is the best definition of biodiversity? 8) What is the number one source of electric power in the U.S.? 9) What is the primary method of dealing with nuclear waste? 10) What is the major benefit of the ozone layer? and 11) What is the most common source of water pollution? The combined score of correct answers is based on a weighted average of the percentage of correct answers to each question.

23.2 Air Quality. Data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001, page 45.

Air concentrations from state-monitored sites were based on the following: ozone, averaged second maximum, one-hour standard; carbon monoxide, second maximum, eight-hour average; nitrogen dioxide and particulates (PM10), annual statewide averages; SO2, second maximum, 24-hour average. Concentrations were reported in parts per million for all pollutants except particulates, which are measured in micrograms per cubic meter.

23.3 Water Quality. Data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001, page 29.

23.4 Toxic Releases. Data are from EQC, NREPC, State of Kentucky’s Environment 2000-2001, page 84.

24.1 Appointments of Women. The source for 1999 data on female appointments was the Kentucky Commission on Women and data were provided March 17, 1999. Data for 2000 and 2001 were provided by Hollis Rosenstein of the Office of the Governor on December 3, 2001. Population estimates are from the Kentucky State Data Center.

24.2 Minority Appointments. The number of nonofficio appointments by race comes from Hollis Rosenstein of the Office of the Governor.

24.3 Ethics in Government. Data for the legislative branch came from the annual reports of the Legislative Ethics Commission. Data for the executive branch were provided via e-mail on February 22, 2002, by Jill Lemaster of the Executive Branch Ethics Commission, from the Executive Branch Ethics Office Report, selected years.

24.4 Government Use of Technology. Data are from The Progress and Freedom Foundation, The Digital State 2001 (Washington, D.C.).

25.1 Access to Public Defender Services. Graph data on annual caseloads come from the DPA Annual Caseload Report, selected years, available online at http://dpa.state.ky.us/library/caseload.html..

25.2 Disciplinary Actions Against Judges and Attorneys. These data are from the Kentucky Bar Association, Supreme Court of Kentucky Disciplinary Decisions, and The Judicial Conduct Commission, The Judicial Conduct Reporter, selected years.

25.3 Recidivism. These data were from the Kentucky Department of Corrections reports, Recidivism, selected years. Reports available online at http://www.cor.state.ky.us/Facts_n_Figures/default.htm.

26.1 Voter Participation. Data for 1984, 1988, 1992, and 1996 were from the U.S. Census Bureau, Official Statistics, September 2, 1998, “State and Metropolitan Area Data Book,” Table A-55 States-Elections, page 56. Data for 2000 were from Table 4A Reported Voting and Registration of the Total Voting-Age Population, by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, for States: November 2000, Internet Release date, February 27, 2002.

26.2 Contributions to the Common Good. Data are from Fall 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center conducted by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 12.2.)

26.3 Leadership Development. These data were from Fall 1996, 1998, and 2000 telephone surveys for the Kentucky Long-Term Policy Research Center conducted by the UK Survey Research Center. (See Indicator 12.2.)

26.4 Downtown Revitalization. These data were obtained via e-mail on June 1, 2001, from Karen Keown of the Kentucky Heritage Council, a division of the Education, Arts and Humanities Cabinet.